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\postpone_fragile_content true \html_math_output 0 \html_css_as_file 0 \html_be_strict false \docbook_table_output 0 \docbook_mathml_prefix 1 \end_header \begin_body \begin_layout Title 实分析习题集 \end_layout \begin_layout Section 集合 \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection 集合的概念与运算 \end_layout \begin_layout Problem (1)设 \begin_inset Formula $f_{n}\left(x\right)\left(n\in\mathbb{N}\right)$ \end_inset 以及 \begin_inset Formula $f\left(x\right)$ \end_inset 是定义在 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{R}$ \end_inset 上的实值函数, 且有 \begin_inset Formula $f_{n}\left(x\right)\to f\left(x\right)\left(n\to\infty,x\in\mathbb{R}\right)$ \end_inset , 则 \end_layout \begin_layout Problem (i) \begin_inset Formula $\left\{ x\in\mathbb{R}:f\left(x\right)\leqslant t\right\} =\bigcap\limits_{k=1}^{\infty}\bigcup\limits_{m=1}^{\infty}\bigcap\limits_{n=m}^{\infty}\left\{ x\in\mathbb{R}:f_{n}\left(x\right)0$ \end_inset , 对任给自然数 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{k},$ \end_inset 必有 \begin_inset Formula $n\geqslant k$ \end_inset , 使得 \begin_inset Formula \[ |f_{n}(x_{0})-f(x_{0})|\geqslant\varepsilon_{0}. \] \end_inset 也就是说, 若令 \begin_inset Formula \[ E_{n}(\varepsilon_{0})=\{x:|f_{n}(x)-f(x)|\geqslant\varepsilon_{0}\}, \] \end_inset 则点 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{x_{0}}$ \end_inset 是属于 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{\{E_{n}(\varepsilon_{0})\}}$ \end_inset 中之无穷多个集合的, 即是 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{x_{0}}$ \end_inset 含于 \begin_inset Formula $\{E_{n}(\varepsilon_{0})\}$ \end_inset 的上限集内. 反之, 对任意给定的 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{\varepsilon>0},\ensuremath{\{E_{n}(\varepsilon)\}}$ \end_inset 的上限集中的点都是不收敛点. 总之, 这些上限集在对 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$ \end_inset 求并集后可构成全体不收敛点. 最后, 上述的 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$ \end_inset 又可由一列 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{\{\varepsilon_{k}\}}:\ensuremath{\varepsilon_{1}>\varepsilon_{2}>\dots>\varepsilon_{k}>\dots\to0}$ \end_inset 来代替. 特别当取 \begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon_{k}=\frac{1}{k}$ \end_inset 时, 就得到 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{D}$ \end_inset 的表示式. \end_layout \begin_layout Solution* (4)思路: 我已知 \begin_inset Formula $f_{n}$ \end_inset 是实值函数列, \begin_inset Formula $E_{n,m}^{k}=\left\{ x:\left|f_{n}\left(x\right)-f_{m}\left(x\right)\right|\leqslant\frac{1}{k}\right\} $ \end_inset 。 函数列在 \begin_inset Formula $x$ \end_inset 处收敛当且仅当他是Cauchy列, 即对任意的 \begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon>0$ \end_inset , 存在 \begin_inset Formula $N$ \end_inset , 当 \begin_inset Formula $n,m\geqslant N$ \end_inset 时, 有 \begin_inset Formula $\left|f_{n}\left(x\right)-f_{m}\left(x\right)\right|<\varepsilon$ \end_inset 。 用 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{k}$ \end_inset 代替 \begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon$ \end_inset , 则条件可写为: 对每个 \begin_inset Formula $k$ \end_inset , 存在 \begin_inset Formula $N$ \end_inset , 使得对所有 \begin_inset Formula $m\geqslant n\geqslant N$ \end_inset , 有 \begin_inset Formula $\left|f_{n}-f_{m}\right|\leqslant\frac{1}{k}$ \end_inset 。 注意这里 \begin_inset Formula $\bigcap\limits_{m=n}^{\infty}$ \end_inset 是对每个固定的 \begin_inset Formula $n$ \end_inset , 然后 \begin_inset Formula $\bigcap\limits_{n=N}^{\infty}$ \end_inset 是对所有 \begin_inset Formula $n\geqslant N$ \end_inset , 合起来就是所有 \begin_inset Formula $n\geqslant N$ \end_inset 且 \begin_inset Formula $m\geqslant n$ \end_inset 。 然后外层 \begin_inset Formula $\bigcup\limits_{N}$ \end_inset 表示存在这样的 \begin_inset Formula $N$ \end_inset , 最后对所有 \begin_inset Formula $k$ \end_inset 取交。 \end_layout \begin_layout Solution* 证明: 若 \begin_inset Formula $x_{0}\in E$ \end_inset , 即 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{f_{n}(x_{0})}$ \end_inset 收敛, 则它是 Cauchy 列: 对任意 \begin_inset Formula $k$ \end_inset , 存在 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{N}$ \end_inset 使得当 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{n,m\geq N}$ \end_inset 时, \begin_inset Formula $|f_{n}(x_{0})-f_{m}(x_{0})|<\frac{1}{k}$ \end_inset 。 特别地, 对 \begin_inset Formula $n\geq N$ \end_inset 和所有 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{m\geq n},$ \end_inset 有 \begin_inset Formula $|f_{n}(x_{0})-f_{m}(x_{0})|\leq\frac{1}{k}$ \end_inset (这里严格不等, 但包含在 \begin_inset Formula $\leq$ \end_inset 中), 所以 \begin_inset Formula $x_{0}\in\bigcap_{n=N}^{\infty}\bigcap_{m=n}^{\infty}E_{n,m}^{k}$ \end_inset , 从而属于右边(对每个 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{k}$ \end_inset 存在这样的 \begin_inset Formula $N$ \end_inset , 故 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{x_{0}}$ \end_inset 在交中)。 \end_layout \begin_layout Solution* 反之, 若 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{x_{0}}$ \end_inset 属于右边, 则对每个 \begin_inset Formula $k$ \end_inset , 存在 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{N_{k}}$ \end_inset 使得当 \begin_inset Formula $n\geq N_{k}$ \end_inset 且 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{m\geq n}$ \end_inset 时, \begin_inset Formula $|f_{n}(x_{0})-f_{m}(x_{0})|\leq\frac{1}{k}$ \end_inset 。 那么对于任意 \begin_inset Formula $n,m\geq N_{k}$ \end_inset , 不妨设 \begin_inset Formula $n\leq m$ \end_inset , 则 \begin_inset Formula $|f_{n}(x_{0})-f_{m}(x_{0})|\leq\frac{1}{k}$ \end_inset 。 所以 \begin_inset Formula $\ensuremath{\{f_{n}(x_{0})\}}$ \end_inset 是 Cauchy 列, 从而收敛(在实数中)。 故 \begin_inset Formula $x_{0}\in E$ \end_inset 。 \end_layout \begin_layout Solution* 总结: 这类问题的核心是将极限的 \begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon-N$ \end_inset 语言逐层翻译成集合运算。 一般步骤: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Enumerate 明确条件。 \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate 固定 \begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon$ \end_inset : 通常用 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{k}$ \end_inset 代替 \begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon$ \end_inset , 因为可数性方便运算。 \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate 存在 \begin_inset Formula $N$ \end_inset : 对应并集 \begin_inset Formula $\bigcup_{N}$ \end_inset 。 \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate 对所有 \begin_inset Formula $n\geqslant N$ \end_inset : 对应交集 \begin_inset Formula $\bigcap_{n\geqslant N}$ \end_inset 。 \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate 对任意 \begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon$ \end_inset : 对应交集 \begin_inset Formula $\bigcap_{k}$ \end_inset 。 \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate 否定形式则交换量词。 \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Solution* 于是我们得到: \begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} \text{收敛点:}\bigcap_{k}\bigcup_{N}\bigcap_{n\geqslant N}\left\{ \left|f_{n}-f\right|<\frac{1}{k}\right\} \\ \text{不收敛点:\bigcup_{k}\bigcap_{N}\bigcup_{n\geqslant N}\left\{ \left|f_{n}-f\right|<\frac{1}{k}\right\} } \end{align*} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Separator plain \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Problem 一个代数 \begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{A}$ \end_inset 是 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma-$ \end_inset 代数当且仅当 \begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{A}$ \end_inset 对可数递增并封闭。 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Separator plain \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Solution* 代数 \begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{A}$ \end_inset 需要满足对有限并和补封闭, \begin_inset Formula $\sigma-$ \end_inset 代数要求满足对可数并和补封闭。 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Separator plain \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_body \end_document